Five patterns repeatedly get conflated because they share visible features:

• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Complex PTSD with attachment dysregulation
• Trauma-bonded anxious attachment
• Chronic pain identity consolidation
• Long-term environmental instability

They overlap behaviorally. They diverge structurally. The distinction is not academic. It changes intervention strategy, prognosis, and ethical responsibility.

• Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder, as defined in the DSM-5-TR, is a pervasive pattern beginning by early adulthood and present across contexts. The instability is trait-level. It does not depend on one partner, one job, or one stressor. It follows the individual.

Symptoms may include:

• Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
• Rapid relational idealization and devaluation
• Persistent identity disturbance
• Chronic feelings of emptiness
• Impulsivity in at least 2 self-damaging areas
• Recurrent suicidal behavior or self-injury
• Affective instability lasting hours to days

The diagnostic hinge is cross-context persistence. If the pattern appears in friendships, romantic relationships, work environments, and therapeutic relationships, even when objective stability exists, that points toward structural personality organization. Neuroimaging research demonstrates altered amygdala reactivity and frontolimbic regulation in many individuals meeting BPD criteria. That does not imply volitional instability. It reflects regulation circuitry that is chronically reactive.

• CPTSD with Attachment Dysregulation

Complex PTSD, as recognized in ICD-11, includes disturbances in self-organization layered onto classic PTSD symptoms. Attachment dysregulation is trauma-linked. It activates under perceived relational threat.

Symptoms may include:

• Emotional flashbacks without clear narrative recall
• Persistent shame and negative self-concept
• Hypervigilance in attachment contexts
• Oscillation between cling behavior and withdrawal
• Heightened sensitivity to rejection cues

The central question is conditionality. When safety becomes consistent, does the nervous system downshift? In CPTSD, it often does. Trauma-based dysregulation is state-dependent. When triggers decrease and relational predictability increases, stability improves. Functional imaging studies show trauma-related activation patterns that quiet under structured safety and trauma-focused treatment. That distinction is diagnostically significant.

• Trauma-Bonded Anxious Attachment

Trauma bonding is not a DSM diagnosis. It is a reinforcement pattern documented in attachment research and coercive control literature. Intermittent reinforcement conditions attachment intensity.

Symptoms may include:

• Obsessive rumination about an inconsistent partner
• Panic when contact decreases
• Relief and euphoria when contact resumes
• Tolerance of mistreatment to preserve connection
• Emotional collapse specific to one attachment figure

Outside that relationship, functioning may appear intact. Removing the intermittent reinforcement often results in a significant decrease in dysregulation. That differentiates conditioned attachment activation from pervasive personality instability. The nervous system has been reinforced into dependency. It has not reorganized at the trait level.

• Chronic Pain Identity Consolidation

Long-term pain reorganizes cognition, mood, and identity. Chronic pain alters neural circuitry involving the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and prefrontal regions. Emotional regulation and pain processing share biological pathways.

Symptoms may include:

• Life organization centered on symptom management
• Social identity anchored in illness narrative
• Mood fluctuation tracking pain flares
• Reduced self-definition outside medical status

When pain stabilizes, mood volatility often decreases. When pain intensifies, irritability and relational strain increase. If emotional instability tracks somatic intensity, clinicians must evaluate neurobiological pain mechanisms before assigning personality pathology.

• Long-Term Environmental Instability

Chronic environmental instability shapes behavior through sustained stress exposure. Housing insecurity, financial unpredictability, community violence, and inconsistent caregiving generate adaptive hypervigilance.

Symptoms may include:

• Emotional reactivity under stress
• Distrust in relationships
• Difficulty with long-term planning
• Survival-based decision making
• Rapid escalation when resources feel threatened

When environmental stability improves, behavior frequently recalibrates. That trajectory differs from trait-based personality disorder. Stress biology research confirms that prolonged threat exposure alters cortisol regulation and threat perception. Remove chronic threat. Observe what changes.

The Shared Surface

All 5 conditions may present with attachment fear, mood shifts, relational conflict, and identity strain. Surface similarity is not structural equivalence. The differentiator is persistence across contexts, conditional improvement under safety, somatic linkage, or reinforcement pattern.

The Five Diagnostic Questions That Clarify

1. Does dysregulation appear across all relationships or only specific attachment bonds?
2. Does stability improve measurably when the environment stabilizes?
3. Does mood volatility track pain levels?
4. Is identity disturbance lifelong and cross-context persistent?
5. Does removal of intermittent reinforcement reduce symptoms?

These questions determine differential accuracy.

Applying personality disorder criteria to trauma-driven symptoms in the absence of cross-context persistence introduces diagnostic error. Failing to identify personality disorder when criteria are met delays targeted interventions such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Diagnostic precision determines treatment alignment and outcome trajectory.

When presentations appear similar, slow the process. Observe duration. Observe cross-context persistence. Observe what changes when safety changes. Structure reveals itself over time.

Begin with pattern. End with pattern.

——————————————————-

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: Effects on the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. Basic Books.

Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT skills training manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Lutz, J., Jäger, L., de Quervain, D., Krauseneck, T., Padberg, F., Wichnalek, M., Beyer, A., Stahl, R., Zirngibl, B., Morhard, D., & Reiser, M. (2008). White and gray matter abnormalities in the brain of patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 58(12), 3960–3969.

World Health Organization. (2019). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th rev.).

van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score. Viking.

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Guest Post Disclaimer: This guest post is for educational and informational purposes only. Nothing shared here, across CPTSDfoundation.org, any CPTSD Foundation website, our associated communities, or our Social Media accounts, is intended to substitute for or supersede the professional advice and direction of your medical or mental health providers. The thoughts and opinions expressed are those of the guest author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the CPTSD Foundation. For further details, please review the following: Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and Full Disclaimer

Dr. Mozelle Martin

Dr. Mozelle Martin is a retired trauma therapist and former Clinical Director of a trauma center, with extensive experience in forensic psychology, criminology, and applied ethics. A survivor of childhood and young adulthood trauma, Dr. Martin has dedicated decades to understanding the psychological and ethical complexities of trauma, crime, and accountability. Her career began as a volunteer in a women’s domestic violence shelter, then as a SA hospital advocate, later becoming a Crisis Therapist working alongside law enforcement on the streets of Phoenix. She went on to earn an AS in Psychology, a BS in Forensic Psychology, an MA in Criminology, and a PhD in Applied Ethics, ultimately working extensively in forensic mental health—providing psychological assessments, intervention, and rehabilitative support with inmates and in the community. A published author and lifelong student of life, she continues to explore the relationship and crossovers of forensic science, mental health, and ethical accountability in both historical and modern contexts.

www.InkProfiler.com

In October 2023, I was diagnosed with severe borderline personality disorder (BPD), which can be linked to complex trauma (CPTSD). For most people, getting diagnosed with a mental health disorder can be scary. But it offered me a moment of clarity. It was as if everything I struggled with finally made sense.

I realized why I felt so disconnected from myself, the world, and others, especially in times of high stress. Borderline personality disorder is linked to emotional trauma, which left me feeling disconnected from my body. I struggled with dissociation, emptiness, and emotional dysregulation. There were times when I lacked empathy or passion. My feelings often felt like they were “stuck” in survival mode. Either I acted out impulsively, or I felt apathetic.

My diagnosis was a light bulb moment. Over the years, therapists and counselors misdiagnosed me with mild depression and generalized anxiety. When I got diagnosed with BPD and complex trauma, I realized that I needed to reconnect with my body. To feel whole, I needed to feel at home with myself again. I was desperate to find ways to heal emotionally. In my healing journey, I came across grounding techniques.

The Importance of Grounding for Trauma Survivors

It was through Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) that I learned about grounding. This practice can help you get out of your mind and back into your body. Through grounding, you’ll learn how to escape your unwanted thoughts, feelings, emotions, or memories in a safe and healthy manner. From there, you’ll ground yourself in the present moment. These techniques can be helpful for individuals with BPD and CPTSD.

Grounding is beneficial for those who suffer from anxiety or panic attacks associated with traumatic episodes. These techniques regulate the nervous system and make you feel safe within your body. You can use grounding techniques to escape overwhelming and distressing feelings anytime. They can be beneficial for those who struggle with the following:

• anxiety
• depression
• dissociation
• impulsive feelings
• mood
• stress

There are three types of grounding techniques for complex trauma:

• Mental grounding: Mindfulness exercises like body scan, breath awareness, and nature grounding.
• Physical grounding: Simply going for a walk or focusing on your five senses can help you become more aware of your surroundings.
• Soothing grounding: Notice the feelings in your body; listen to your breath and the sounds around you.

Technique 1: Somatic Shaking

The first time I heard about somatic shaking was on an episode of the Back from the Borderline podcast. This grounding technique involves shaking certain body parts to release stored energy or tension. It can be powerful for relieving stress and trauma, which gets stored in the body.

You might have heard the saying, “The body keeps the score,” dubbed by Bessel Van Der Kolk, M.D. Some experts recommend somatic shaking for five to 10 minutes per time. But you can do it for two to five minutes if you prefer. There are many different types of somatic shaking techniques. But here’s one way to do it every morning after waking up:

• Warm up or exercise beforehand.
• Gently shake your wrists and hands.
• Notice how your breath feels.
• Continue shaking for two to five minutes.

At first, you might feel silly doing somatic shaking. But it’s not about how you look. It’s about how you feel afterward. I shake my entire body, which makes me look like Napoleon Dynamite trying to dance. But I feel much better. The built-up tension and energy leave my body. You can also do it as often as you want throughout the day.

Technique 2: Mindfulness for Embodiment

Mindfulness is a concept I learned years ago, long before I was diagnosed with BPD. At the time, I was learning concepts from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), some of which still help me to this day. Of course, as with all therapies, you should take what works and leave the rest.

Mindfulness allowed me to become more aware of my body. I no longer had to live in fear or fight-or-flight mode. For most of my life, I’ve felt uncomfortable about being in my body. I got used to being disconnected. Thanks to mindfulness, I could live in the present moment without fear.

It involves embodiment practices that help cultivate self-awareness, connection, self-regulation, and balance. Mindfulness is not just a mental practice. It’s a way of life. Embodied mindfulness practices allow you to release negative emotions and heal from trauma or unresolved issues.

Common mindfulness exercises include body scanning, deep breathing, and thought clouds. With continued practice, you’ll clear your mind and become more centered. Here are some simple ways to incorporate mindfulness into your daily life:

• Start by practicing with a guided meditation or breathing exercise.
• Journal your gratitude list or your negative thoughts or feelings.
• Incorporate meditation or yoga into your morning routine.
• Practice one mind in daily practice.
• Mindfully eat a meal or engage in a conversation.

Technique 3: The Five Deep Breaths Technique

Each morning, after I meditate, I practice the Five Deep Breaths Practice from the Whole Being Institute. This is a revolutionary take on the “Three Deep Breaths” technique by martial arts expert Thomas Crum. This practice was extended to five deep breaths. However, you’re free to make it all your own. Modify this practice to make it work for you.

Here are the guidelines for this practice:

• Take your first deep breath and breathe out.
• Take your second breath and express what you’re grateful for. (Example: “I’m grateful for the sunshine,” or “I’m grateful for my health.”)
• Take a third deep breath and focus on how you want to show up today. (Example: “Today I will be mindful,” or “Today I will be peaceful.”)
• Take a fourth deep breath and consider how you want to portray your ideal self. Who or what do you want to be? (Example: “I am a mindful individual who lives in the present moment.”
• Take a fifth and final deep breath in and out to finish.

How do you feel? I love using this technique every morning. It makes me feel better than I do when I first wake up. Not only does it relieve anxiety, but it also heals trauma, depression, and emotional distress. It can also help you focus and maintain your moods. I would consider trying this technique once a day, at least in the mornings.

How These Techniques Changed My Healing Journey

Grounding transformed my relationship with my body. It allowed me to reconnect with myself and become whole again. But it’s only a part of the healing process. Healing itself is a journey. As always, start where you are. Only choose one or two practices to start with. Stick to what works and disregard the rest.

Conclusion

Remember, reconnecting with your body can take time. It’s okay if you need to go at your own pace. Healing is a race, not a sprint. There’s no need to cross the finish line. It’s a journey that you make all your own.

You’re not alone in your journey. I have struggled like you and found freedom through these practices. You can always come back home to yourself. Have you tried any of the techniques? Share your experience in the comment section below.

Photo by Clint McKoy on Unsplash

Guest Post Disclaimer: Any and all information shared in this guest blog post is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Nothing in this blog post, nor any content on CPTSDfoundation.org, is a supplement for or supersedes the relationship and direction of your medical or mental health providers. Thoughts, ideas, or opinions expressed by the writer of this guest blog post do not necessarily reflect those of CPTSD Foundation. For more information, see our Privacy Policy and Full Disclaimer.

Chanel Adams

Chanel is the creator and founder of The Borderline Crisis, a blog that has shifted the conversation around emotional and spiritual suffering. Readers can transform their lives, rewrite their stories, and rewire their minds. Chanel uses her personal experience and stories to help guide others on healing and transformation. She uses her experience with trauma-informed care, mindfulness, Jungian psychology, spirituality, and philosophy. Her goal is to remove the limitations of the rigid mental health structure to reclaim themselves in a noisy and angsty world.

theborderlinecrisis.blog

I have faced many traumas in my life and experienced repeated betrayal, often from those we are told we can trust—family.

An Existential Identity Crisis

I consider myself a quirk of fate; by some macabre twist, I was launched into a profoundly dysfunctional family. I grew up fatherless in a middle-class Roman Catholic household in a small South Indian town. My older sister Melanie and I were raised by our young, widowed mother in our maternal grandparents’ home, where we lived with an extended joint family.

I discovered that my father passed away from a heart attack just months after my mother conceived me, so I never knew him. Growing up without a father left me feeling empty, which may have influenced my tendency to form fleeting connections with abusive relationships and toxic friendships. The absence of pictures of my dad was heartbreaking, as it felt like all memories of him had been erased. I understand my mother likely acted out of her own grief, but it was painful that she didn’t encourage us to talk about him, leaving many questions unanswered.

Becoming a Social Outcast

At first, my mother worked hard as a teacher at our school until my soon-to-be stepfather, a medical student seven years younger, came into the picture. In the conservative town we lived in, rumors about the teacher and the young man quickly spread, and all hell broke loose at my grandparents’ home. The entire family was upset with her new relationship, but my mother was so in love that she didn’t care.

The school was even worse; we became social outcasts overnight, facing snide comments from classmates and family friends who labeled us as “the daughters” of the “flighty widow.” The reputation stuck.

As a grown woman, I understand that my widowed mother had the right to move on and lead her life. However, at age five, I only felt the loss of friends. Back then, single mothers dating wasn’t common in rural India, and my mother was blissfully unaware, caught up in her new romance as she traipsed around town in love-infested bliss.

The Birth of the Fear of Abandonment

When I was in third grade, she finally married and a few years later moved to the Middle East with her new doctor husband, leaving behind two lonely kids and a controversial reputation.

At every family event, we were seen as the “orphan Annies” and “oddballs,” garnering pity or scorn from others. In that conservative town, we stood out, burdened by a reputation we longed to escape. This likely fueled my craving for love and contributed to  ADHD and borderline personality disorder, which I discovered many years later.

Meanwhile, my childhood became a series of moves between relatives, amplifying feelings of abandonment. We were treated as unnecessary baggage, and the meager food we received was often rationed. Name-calling and forced chores made us feel like maidservants, whether cleaning the house, doing laundry, cooking, or babysitting. I was not yet 13, and I often went to bed hungry.

With each move, my sister and I faced a new set of accusations. In hindsight, I believe this wasn’t because we lacked virtue, but rather because our relatives were tired of bearing the burden of my mother. This was their way of “passing the buck” to someone else. Meanwhile, our mother hardly contributed to our expenses or sent money to those who took care of us.

Though Mom would visit us occasionally, her relationship with us, her daughters, changed dramatically. She refused to believe what we had endured and the ongoing criticism from our “overburdened” relatives. Instead, she relied only on hearsay, choosing to accept the narrative that portrayed us as the problem.

Walking Away From Abuse

At a relative’s home, life became so chaotic that we went from being poor, abandoned orphans to harassed teens overnight. The saddest part was that no one, especially our mother, wanted to believe us. They preferred to sweep everything under the rug rather than face the discomfort of the truth. I realized they chose not to support us because it allowed them to avoid their responsibilities.

As a result, in an effort to protect ourselves, two vulnerable girls walked away from a highly volatile situation and sought help from strangers. We felt unsafe among our own family.

Believe it or not, since then, we have mostly been estranged from our mother and socially isolated from our relatives. Aside from the odd occasion, I haven’t spent time with my relatives or mom in decades. Mom systematically and deliberately cut us off from any contact with the family.

 There is bullying, and then there is bullying of the worst kind; it’s called “social isolation,” the kind that was perpetuated by my dysfunctional family and also by friends at school.

This is the kind of bullying where “the strong” band together and trample “the defenseless” because there is strength in numbers—often aided by money, peer pressure, or the seniority that comes with age.

Rising from the Ashes

As a teenager, I found myself alone and began working hard to support myself. Life took a difficult turn; I met many people from whom I learned valuable lessons. I made numerous mistakes due to poor judgment and misplaced trust, but I’ve always managed to rise from them. While I regret those lapses, I would live my life the same way again because my past has shaped who I am today.

My career choice allowed me to meet many people. Early on, I took various odd jobs, each helping me develop new skills and fueling my ambition for success. I was open to any challenge, adapting and learning as I went. Eventually, I spent several years in the hospitality industry.

Final Thoughts: Know Thyself and Thou Shall Know Thy God

Along the way, I made friends and learned that everyone is unique; no one is perfect; certainly not people with the “pointy fingers.” Nevertheless, I noticed that most people focus on four basic needs: food, money, power, and sex—but not necessarily in that order. Whereas for me it has always been like Freddy Mercury sang that “crazy little thing called LOVE.“ But when we go through abuse, neglect, and trauma and don’t find love, we settle for mediocrity or less. Trauma comes in many forms, but it’s our choice whether to continue the cycle of family karma or to break it. The buck stops with you.

Whichever way it goes, childhood trauma makes you do the thing you’ve been “conditioned” to do all your life. I understand how challenging it can be to navigate through trauma, and I want to share what has helped me along the way: love, friendships, books, music, and spirituality. Healing is not a straight path, and I certainly don’t consider myself an expert. I’ve experienced the many faces of depression, including a recent episode of panic and anxiety, which I know can feel overwhelming. If you’re struggling, please remember that you don’t have to go through it alone. Reach out to your loved ones and consider seeking therapy. It’s so important to take that step and not delay getting the support you need. If you are like me, you deserve to find peace and healing.

Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash

Guest Post Disclaimer: Any and all information shared in this guest blog post is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Nothing in this blog post, nor any content on CPTSDfoundation.org, is a supplement for or supersedes the relationship and direction of your medical or mental health providers. Thoughts, ideas, or opinions expressed by the writer of this guest blog post do not necessarily reflect those of CPTSD Foundation. For more information, see our Privacy Policy and Full Disclaimer.

Jenney Clark

Jenney Clark is an Indian author and poet, best known for her book “Don’t Be Afraid to Love.” She has published eight books, including “Magic of the Ancients,” and hosts a podcast titled “Awakened Souls.” After leaving a successful job in the service industry, she pursued her passion for writing and became a life coach. Raised in a small town in India she discovered her psychic abilities at a young age and developed a strong interest in Tarot, astrology and numerology. She enjoys connecting with a diverse range of friends, including artists and writers and lives in a cozy “cubby hole” in Hyderabad with her dog, along with her beloved books and music

jenneyclark.com/

John-Paul Ford Rojas recently wrote in The Daily Mail: “Britain is suffering its longest sick note epidemic for 25 years as 2.7MILLION people claim they are too ill to work and holding back the country’s economic growth in the process” Please read: “People claim they are too ill to work” Meaning: “They are lying and work-shy.” “Holding the economy back:” Meaning:” The current disastrous state of the economy is the fault of all those liars and work-shy individuals.” All following the popular theories. Take Mel Stride, for instance, who declared: “Mental health culture has gone too far.” And “Normal anxiety life is being labelled as an illness.”

For 13 years, under a Conservative government. People suffering from mental illnesses have been subjected to increasing abuse and mistreatment in the forms of Work Capability Assessments, the creation of Universal Credit, with a long process to get first payments, penalising individuals for minor errors, placing them into distressing living and emotional conditions; some losing their lives waiting for support and care, others dying by suicide, pushed to their limits.

UN warns UK government ‘demonises’ disabled people with ‘onerous’ benefits system: “Rosemary Kayess, the chair of UNCRPD, said: “We see a reform agenda that is framed in a political narrative that demonises disabled people, including proposals to cut disability benefits to reward working people by cutting taxes, which tells disabled people they are undeserving citizens.” Later, She adds: “Reforms within social welfare benefits are premised on a notion that disabled people are undeserving and skiving off and defrauding the system. This has resulted in hate speech and hostility towards disabled people.” Indeed, hate speech and hostility towards disabled people have never been higher.

The constant dehumanization of disabled people has been brought a few times now to the UN, but no concrete actions have been put in place for change. As the General election approached, it was clear the Labour and Conservative parties were planning further attacks on their most vulnerable citizens – anyone who was sick, living in poverty, and unemployed. Liz Kendall, Labour’s Shadow Work Secretary, declared on the 4th of March 2024: ” Under the Labour party, if you can work, there will be no options of a life on benefits.” The Standard read as follows: “Labour has promised tougher measures on handing out benefits payments as it sets out plans to reduce the number of young people out of work, education or training.”  If their promise is to support young people to get easier access to work or apprenticeships, that is great, but “Labour has promised tougher measures on handling out benefits” feels like more unnecessary punishment and pressure instead of making sure these young vulnerable adults have a safe and supportive system in place while they work things out and heal. There are plans for DWP to have access to benefits claimant’s bank accounts just to make sure they aren’t lying and committing fraud.

The standards of living in the UK have seriously plummeted, with “The Cost of Living Crisis” and ever-increasing food, bills, mortgage/ rent, etc. Even those who work can’t afford a decent lifestyle. Working doesn’t pay enough anymore. Getting into University puts young adults in debt for most of their lives and no longer guarantees a good job/ life. There is a constant fear of becoming homeless and of losing everything, which all creates stress, anxiety, depression and trauma for parents and their children. Stressed and unhappy parents make stressed and unhappy children. People are struggling to survive: how can they be fully present for their children? These situations create Attachment Trauma. Small and big kids are not getting what they need more than anything: loving, caring and available parents. These little ones will grow up with difficulties such as ADHD, depression, anxiety., and more. They will be labelled as difficult, attention-seeking, and childish.

Adult survivors of child abuse (whether mental, emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse.) have already been through hell, trying to manage a life of total despair. If some get out of the abusive parental home/ or care setting in one piece, they will have more difficulties than others in building their adult life. Some will fit well into society – workaholism and being forever busy are also trauma responses, which are celebrated, but still, these individuals are left alone to carry their pain. Society doesn’t mind nor care if you are struggling as long as you can play the rat race game, even to the detriment of your health and happiness.

For those whose trauma manifests as depression, anxiety and lethargy, having great difficulties even going out in the world, feeling frozen in fear and in sadness, with no one to turn to, and for those dealing with inflammatory illnesses, with chronic pain as well as mental illness, who really can’t “actively participate in the economy”, they are doomed to suffer even more. They are dealing with having to beg for the emotional and financial support they need and deserve. They are more likely to be dismissed by GPs or so-called mental health experts. They are constantly bullied in the news, in the papers and in politicians’ speeches. They are hunted down and pushed to death by DWP – IT IS BULLYING AND PERSECUTION.

Suicide rate rise in England “very concerning, says charity.” Nic Paton wrote, on  8 Apr 2024, for Occupational Health Plus. “In all, 5,579 suicides were registered in England in 2023. In response, the mental health charity Mind has called the figures “very concerning”. Jen Walters, Mind executive director of social change, said: “Even one suicide is one too many. The causes of suicide are many, complex, and vary from one person to another.” She added: “What we do know is we are still feeling the seismic effects from the pandemic, and the cost-of-living crisis is continuing to have a devastating impact on society. We must do much more to reverse this.”

 You can read about my own experience of suffering from mental illness as a result of severe child abuse, which was labelled as BPD, and how it has affected my work life on the page – About Sylvie. Suffice to say the messages we are receiving through the media – social, newspapers and News – as well as from politicians: “You are lazy. You are not wanted here. Everything is your fault, and you deserve your “lifestyle”. You are useless to us. You are just pretending to be ill, so you don’t have to work.” resonates strongly with the words I grew up hearing, from my biggest bully: my own mother. It is triggering, cruel and abusive.

Take gentle care of yourselves – it isn’t easy to live in such a cruel society.

Sylvie

You can read:

 – The Office of National Statistics’ latest release, Suicides in England and Wales Statistical bulletins

– On Winter Turns into Spring: The impact our environment has on our mental health.

– I tell my story in The Blossoming Lotus

Guest Post Disclaimer: Any and all information shared in this guest blog post is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Nothing in this blog post, nor any content on CPTSDfoundation.org, is a supplement for or supersedes the relationship and direction of your medical or mental health providers. Thoughts, ideas, or opinions expressed by the writer of this guest blog post do not necessarily reflect those of CPTSD Foundation. For more information, see our Privacy Policy and Full Disclaimer.

Sylvie Rouhani

Writer – Blogger – Poet – Mental Health and Child Abuse Activist

Deputy Editor and Journalist for Taxpayers Against Poverty

Author of The Blossoming Lotus”

https://www.austinmacauley.com/book/blossoming-lotus

New Website: Breaking The Cycles

https://breakingthecycles.co.uk/

breakingthecycles.co.uk

– This a longer article than usual, I wanted to describe my experience as thoroughly as possible –

In 2014, after a traumatic breakup, my daughter moved in with her Dad, with very little money and being officially homeless, I was referred, by Lewisham Council, to Certitude, specifically to their “Shared Lives Scheme”: “Shared Lives is a quality alternative to residential care settings where people live as part of a family.” The page reads as follows: Shared Lives Carers support people within their own homes, either in a long-term arrangement, day support, or on a respite basis, which may be a day, weekend, or a few weeks at a time. People benefit from consistent support from people who know them well and build positive relationships and friendships.”

To be fair, looking at their website now, things have changed, since 2014. The scheme, back then, entailed me being paired up with a “Living Carer.” I was to stay with her for up to two years, depending on my progress. It was a time for me to recuperate and to live independently again, with all the support I needed.

Unfortunately, this isn’t what happened. The day I moved in, I was broken, I didn’t stop crying. I had just lost my home. I wanted to die, every single day. One of the first things M (my” career”) asked me was if “I’d like to join them, on Sunday.” I didn’t understand, what she meant. So, she added: “To church?” I politely declined the offer. At the time I was a practicing Buddhist. 

The next day, as I couldn’t stop crying, I poured my heart out to her. She got talking about her Faith, and, as the curious being I am, I asked her some questions, informing her I had a different faith. Her passion inspired me to go back to my own practice. The next day, we had another chat. She got the Bible out and cited some passages. I felt uncomfortable. I felt she was trying to convince me to join her. I felt it was inappropriate for her – as a carer, to open her Bible. My past training in the homelessness sector taught me not to talk about religion or not to indoctrinate patients. As a support worker, of any kind, you keep your beliefs to yourself. It is called being professional.

This was confirmed to me when they invited me to have dinner with them, Earthquakes just shook Nepal and I was glad someone I knew just come back to the UK, a few days before. When M’s husband, A screamed: “This happened because THEY don’t believe in THE ONE TRUE GOD!!” I left, disgusted the living room.

 “In a few words: she didn’t want me there.”

The other thing M was insisting on was that I save money to get my own TV so I could watch in the privacy of my bedroom. Once, I settled with them to watch TV. She made me feel very uncomfortable. So uncomfortable, I left quickly. In the bedroom I was offered, there was a broken computer desk that I had to get rid of, myself. I asked for a replacement or a small shelf. I never got a replacement. There was a big wardrobe, with a door off its hinges. This was fixed when I was out, without any notice. There seemed to be a few excuses to get into my room when I wasn’t there. They had a living room, with a big dining table but they put stools for me to eat at the kitchen top. The kitchen was small and there was barely any space for 2 people to be in there. I was given one tiny cupboard, for my own food and kitchen ware. I wasn’t allowed to leave a few essentials in the bathroom, such as my soap and toothbrush. In a few words: she didn’t want me there.

I noticed she kept letters inviting me, and herself to attend monthly residents’ groups. She watched everything I did. I was given a few chores but, it was never done properly. The house was cluttered and messy but, I was the problem.

She would forget my laundry days and had to ask her husband if I could do my laundry. She was supposed to cook healthy meals when I first arrived but only bought me microwave meals. 

On a regular basis, she would let the electricity meter run out, and she would be out all day. Turned out, she had a full time job and, adding all her church activities, she was barely in the house. Her full time job was supposed to care for me, to take me out, to provide a safe environment for my recovery. It was evident, I was extra money for her.

She told me to “think positive.” When I replied I didn’t like this piece of advice, she retorted: “What else am I supposed to say?” This was after spending the afternoon in A&E, felling suicidal and being given Valium to calm me down.

Once, as I was swiping the floor, I found a £10 note in a shoe. I was puzzled. What was it doing in one of her shoes? My intuition told me she was testing me: will I take the £10 note? I decided to leave it there, so it was visible. After a couple of days, it was still there, so I told her: “There is £10 in your shoe? isn’t that weird?” The way she feigned her surprise showed me everything I needed to know. It had been a trap.

Another lady arrived a month or so after me. The small cupboard in the kitchen was divided between us. Same thing in the fridge. We had on tiny shelf each. She too had to squeeze in the kitchen to eat. She had a smaller room than I had. She wanted to get out of there as soon as possible. She later was moved to another property within the scheme.

I had complained about things feeling off to S, the manager since I had first moved in. I was told it is always difficult to live in someone’s home and having to adhere to certain rules. It wasn’t the point I was making. The manager was appalled M left us with no electricity, on a regular basis. M was warned but, it still happened. There was talk about moving me to another property. It didn’t happen. I discovered my “flatmate” was moved to the same property I was offered within my first months of living with M and A, but never got to move into. I was unhappy about this.

I kept a record of all the occasions I was called to clean the mess that wasn’t mine. My every move was monitored. I felt persecuted. I WAS persecuted. It escalated until I started to seriously battle with thoughts of self-harm. I acted upon them too. Soon after, I wrote to the manager, again, informing her of my struggles. A meeting with M, herself, and myself was scheduled. I added if they didn’t move me as soon as possible I will fill in a formal complaint. Why wasn’t I moved in the property my flatmate was offered?

“S told me M wanted to punish me, she wanted to harm me with this comment. “

During this meeting, M feigned to be choked at my anger (Didn’t you know individuals diagnosed with BPD are angry monsters?) I never seemed happy and willing to fit in. S brought up the time she read the Bible to me; M challenged me “Which passage of the Bible?” “I don’t know”, I replied, “it is a big book”. “We are a family!” She exclaimed. I flinched! “No, we aren’t.”

 M brushed off the incident of her husband shouting passionately “Those people deserved to die in earthquakes because they didn’t believe in the ONE TRUE GOD.” “I cannot talk for A.” Same as the time A told me off for not picking up THEIR soap off the shower floor.

At the end of the meeting, M declared haughtily: “Well, I didn’t want to bring it up but, your bedroom is very smelly!” She made it sound as if I was one of the most disgusting people in the world. I felt as if I had just been slapped.

I was left alone with the manager, once M left. S told me M wanted to punish me, she wanted to harm me with this comment. She had been in my bedroom, to check if I was comfortable: “It didn’t smell and it was clean and orderly.” S finally through M. She also worked out M was working full time when she wasn’t supposed to.

“How many people, such as M, are using these care schemes, offered full training, to indoctrinated vulnerable individuals into their places of worship? Or just to make themselves feel good and powerful? Or just to get extra money? “

Thankfully, I was moved into my own supported accommodation, soon after. M and A gave me a hard time until the end: “Make sure you leave things as you found them!!” They repeated and again. On the last day, I just shouted at A: “I am leaving!!! Let me be!!” Maybe I should have brought back the broken desk and gotten the wardrobe door off its hinges.

Waiting for my friend to help me move my things, I took a walk. I felt sick to my stomach. I couldn’t breathe. When the last box was in the car, M asked if I was coming back to clean the bedroom floor and give her my last weekly payment of £20. The money was on the table. I said: “Sure, I’ll come back.” I left the key and never came back.

S sent me a review/ feedback a few weeks after I departed from the scheme. “Your concerns have been taken seriously. M will no longer work for us.” I never sent this feedback letter: I wanted to put all of this behind me.

10 years later, I still have nightmares of becoming homeless and moving into an awful place. I still see M, in my dreams (Nightmares) regularly. I saw her a couple of times in the neighborhood. I still feel anger at the abuse I endured in her “care.” And I am till mad at the way it was mishandled. This is the reason why I am writing about this now.

Even though, I spoke out, loud and clear, it took too long for my warnings to be taken seriously. It shouldn’t have happened. S was a lovely woman, but I wished she had listened to my concerns much earlier.

How many people, such as M, are using these care schemes, offered full training, to then indoctrinate vulnerable individuals into their places of worship? Or just to make themselves feel good and powerful? Or just to get extra money?

I know for a fact that M was sacked from Certitude but, before I left, I saw files on the living room table to join Bromley’s ( South East London – UK) own scheme. I wonder if she is working still, in this capacity? Is she still abusing vulnerable people, in the community? Unfortunately, I wouldn’t be surprised if she was.

I am also sharing this to let others know: that if you are mistreated, talk to someone. I hope and pray someone listens to you and protects you. I know too well we can speak up but, unfortunately, it doesn’t mean we will be listened to and protected. We all deserve a safe place to land, so we can recover from whatever hardships we’ve experienced.

Take gentle care of yourselves.

Sylvie

Guest Post Disclaimer: Any and all information shared in this guest blog post is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Nothing in this blog post, nor any content on CPTSDfoundation.org, is a supplement for or supersedes the relationship and direction of your medical or mental health providers. Thoughts, ideas, or opinions expressed by the writer of this guest blog post do not necessarily reflect those of CPTSD Foundation. For more information, see our Privacy Policy and Full Disclaimer.

Sylvie Rouhani

Writer – Blogger – Poet – Mental Health and Child Abuse Activist

Deputy Editor and Journalist for Taxpayers Against Poverty

Author of The Blossoming Lotus”

https://www.austinmacauley.com/book/blossoming-lotus

New Website: Breaking The Cycles

https://breakingthecycles.co.uk/

breakingthecycles.co.uk

In this article, we shall examine CPTSD and BPD and their effects on the people who have both.

What is Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?

 CPTSD is created when people (especially children) experience ongoing and inescapable domestic abuse, such as sexual abuse or neglect. The trauma of abuse and neglect leaves life-long scars leaving the affected person struggling to form and keep intimate relationships.

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA), 70% of adults in the United States have experienced at least one traumatic incident in their lifetime. This exposure to violence, whether committed against the child or seeing it done to someone else, causes children to grow up having complex post-traumatic stress disorder.

Complex PTSD differs from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as CPTSD has some indications of PTSD yet different symptoms, such as the following.

• Reliving the trauma through flashbacks and nightmares
• Avoiding situations that remind them of the trauma
• Dizziness or nausea when remembering the trauma
• Hyperarousal
• The belief that the world is a dangerous place
• A loss of trust in the self or others
• Difficulty sleeping or concentrating
• Startling easy by loud noises
• A negative self-view
• Emotional regulation difficulties
• Problems with relationships
• Thoughts or actions of suicide
• Fixating on the abuser or seeking revenge
• Losing memories of trauma or reliving them
• Difficulty regulating emotions that often manifest as rage
• Depression
• Sudden mood swings
• Feeling detached from oneself
• Feeling different from others
• Feeling ashamed
• Feeling guilty
• Difficulty maintaining relationships
• Seeking our or becoming a rescuer
• Feeling afraid for no apparent reason

People struggling with complex post-traumatic stress disorder often experience isolation to cope with the overwhelming sense of unsafety.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is not yet recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders edition 5-TR (DSM-5-TR) but is receiving more recognition and acceptance lately.

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a crucial mental health disorder that severely impacts the person living with it to regulate emotions. The loss of emotional control increases impulsivity and affects how people feel about themselves, and significantly negatively affects their relationships with others.

An estimated 1.4% of adults living in the United States experience BPD, with 75% being diagnosed with the disorder being women. Research suggests that men might be just as affected by BPD as women but are misdiagnosed with PTSD or depression.

Borderline personality disorder causes are not well understood. However, scientists agree that it results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.

The symptoms of BPD are as follows.

• Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, whether it is accurate or not, by family and friends
• Unstable intimate relationships
• Unstable and distorted self-image that affects values, opinions, moods, goals, and relationships
• Impulsive behavior often with dangerous outcomes
• Self-harming behaviors
• Periods of severe depression, irritability, and anxiety
• Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom
• Intense, inappropriate-of-control anger followed by shame and guilt
• Dissociative episodes

Borderline personality disorder, like CPTSD, is life-altering and often has severe consequences on the person’s life.

What are the differences between BPD and CPTSD?

 There are several differences between the diagnoses of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, including, as seen above, the symptoms and, as we shall learn, the causes.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder causes are distinct and include the following.

• Frequently witnessing violence or abuse
• Domestic assault and abuse
• Abandonment or maltreatment during childhood
• Ongoing domestic violence or abuse

As stated above, the causes of borderline personality disorder are thought to be a mixture of genetics, neurological problems, and trauma.

Many times, clinicians will get the two diagnoses mixed up and diagnose complex post-traumatic stress disorder as borderline personality disorder.

Coexisting CPTSD and BPD

At one-time, complex post-traumatic stress disorder was proposed as an alternate form of borderline personality disorder because of the shared link to severe childhood trauma. The jury is still out to recognize CPTSD as a diagnosis in the DSM, but it is believed that the symptoms and causes of BPD and CPTSD overlap substantially, but it is not warranted to replace one diagnosis with the other or conceptualize CPTSD as a subtype of BPD.

Borderline personality disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder are commonly found together, with between 25% and 60% of people living with BPD also having CPTSD.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is listed in the 11^th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), and this has spurred research differentiating the two disorders.

Evidence suggests that CPTSD and BPD may represent a continuum of the stress response, and both seem to have a component of dissociation involved. The most significant difference between the two diagnoses is when they form. CPTSD typically forms in early childhood, while BPD forms during early adolescence.

Having both CPTSD and BPD makes life difficult, to say the least.

Ending Our Time Together

Whether you are diagnosed with CPTSD or BPD, the common thread seems to be trauma. The only way to end the tragedy of these two life-disrupting diagnoses is to end childhood trauma. Doing so would change the outlook for multiple millions of people worldwide. Ending child abuse is difficult as it is often committed by a close family member or friend and is hidden for years but we must keep trying.

If you find you are struggling with cooccurring diagnoses of complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, it is not the end of the world. Your diagnoses do not make you broken and irreparable; medications and therapy can go a long way toward you having a good life. It takes a lot of work and determination to do so, but you can do it.

“Attitude is a choice. Happiness is a choice. Optimism is a choice. Kindness is a choice. Giving is a choice. Respect is a choice. Whatever choice you make makes you. Choose wisely.” – Roy T. Bennett

“It’s only after you’ve stepped outside your comfort zone that you begin to change, grow, and transform.” – Roy T. Bennett

 UK Recovery Support

Are you a therapist who treats CPTSD? Please consider dropping us a line to add you to our growing list of providers. You would get aid in finding clients and helping someone find the peace they deserve. Go to the contact us page and send a note; our staff will respond quickly.

Shortly, CPTSD Foundation will have compiled a list of providers treating complex post-traumatic stress disorder. When it becomes available, we will put it on our website www.CPTSDFoundation.org.

Visit us and sign up for our weekly newsletter to help inform you about treatment options and much more for complex post-traumatic stress disorder.

The Healing Book Club

As of May 7th, 2022, the current book will be – “A Practical Guide to Complex PTSD: Compassionate Strategies to Begin Healing from Childhood Trauma.”

by Dr. Arielle Schwartz.

Here is an Excerpt –

Repetitive trauma during childhood can impact your emotional development, creating a ripple effect that carries into adulthood. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) is a physical and psychological response to these repeated traumatic events. A Practical Guide to Complex PTSD contains research-based strategies, tools, and support for individuals working to heal from their childhood trauma. You don’t have to be a prisoner of your past.

Learn the skills necessary to improve your physical and mental health with practical strategies taken from the most effective therapeutic methods, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), eye movement desensitization, and reprocessing (EMDR), and somatic psychology. When appropriately addressed, the wounds of your past no longer need to interfere with your ability to live a meaningful and satisfying life.

This book includes:

• Understand C-PTSD—Get an in-depth explanation of complex PTSD, including its symptoms, its treatment through various therapies, and more.
• Address the symptoms—Discover evidence-based strategies for healing the symptoms of complex PTSD, like avoidance, depression, emotional dysregulation, and hopelessness.
• Real stories—Relate to others’ experiences with complex PTSD with multiple real-life examples in each chapter.

Start letting go of the pain from your past—A Practical Guide to Complex PTSD can help show you how.

If you or a loved one live in the despair and isolation of complex post-traumatic stress disorder, please come to us for help. CPTSD Foundation offers a wide range of services, including:

• Daily Calls
• The Healing Book Club
• Support Groups
• Our Blog
• The Trauma-Informed Newsletter
• Daily Encouragement Texts

All our services are reasonably priced, and some are even free. So, sign-up to gain more insight into how complex post-traumatic stress disorder is altering your life and how you can overcome it; we will be glad to help you. If you cannot afford to pay, go to www.cptsdfoundation.org/scholarship to apply for aid. We only wish to serve you.

Mindfulness, Prayer, and Meditation Circle

Meditation can be an integral part of healing from trauma. Our 9-week self-study video course helps you integrate this fantastic grounding, centering, and focus method. Join the Mindfulness, Prayer, and Meditation Circle today!

A new Trauma-Informed Yoga program is now available! Check out our information page about this highly requested new program! #yoga #traumainformed #cptsd #mentalhealth #recovery #wellness https://cptsdfoundation.org/traumainformedyoga/

Do you have goals you need help reach, or help define what goals suit you? Have you considered working with a #traumainformed coach? Learn about a new opportunity and a Free Discovery Call!

Shirley Davis

My name is Shirley Davis and I am a freelance writer with over 40-years- experience writing short stories and poetry. Living as I do among the corn and bean fields of Illinois (USA), working from home using the Internet has become the best way to communicate with the world. My interests are wide and varied. I love any kind of science and read several research papers per week to satisfy my curiosity. I have earned an Associate Degree in Psychology and enjoy writing books on the subjects that most interest me.

www.learnaboutdid.com