Children growing up in an alcoholic or other dysfunctional homes struggle to find their identity in adulthood. They have most likely formed complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and live with an inner turmoil that matches the instability they are experiencing from parents who are occupied with their own problems.

This article will focus on the formation of CPTSD in alcoholic (dysfunctional) homes and how it affects children and the adults they become.

Complex Trauma

Complex trauma refers to experiences of children of abuse and neglect that are severe and arise in a child’s early relationships with caregivers, such as living in an alcoholic or other dysfunctional home. Because these experiences occur in early child development, there are many potential impacts on their emotional, social, psychological, and physical development. Not children are affected in the same way as some may show a limited reaction, and for some, the reaction is delayed until adulthood, such as remembering the traumatic events.

A paper written in 2016 sums it up well, “Traumatic events during childhood were associated with later post-traumatic stress symptoms but with classic rather than complex symptoms. Social acknowledgment and dysfunctional disclosure partially mediated this relationship. These findings suggest that childhood traumatic stress impacts individuals across the life span and may be associated with particular adverse psychopathological consequences.”

The experience of complex trauma can lead to many changes in a child’s development, especially on a biological, psychological, and behavioral level (Danese and McCrory, 2015).

Biological. Research has shown that a child who has experienced childhood trauma experiences changes in brain structure and function, higher cortisol levels with associated inflammation.

Psychological. There are changes to how children who have experienced childhood trauma regulate their emotions, develop their sense of self, and impact their self-worth. Complex trauma can lead to an increased risk of mental health disorders such as CPTSD, anxiety, depression, and conduct disorder.

Behavioral. Children exposed to childhood trauma present with many different changes at the behavioral level. These changes include an increased risk of self-harm, poorer educational outcomes, and an increased risk of suicide. There is also a significant impact on the ability of the child to function socially, and they have increased difficulties relating to others.

Forms of complex trauma may include the following (this list is not all-inclusive):

• Bullying
• Community violence
• Medical trauma
• Physical abuse
• Emotional abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Narcissistic abuse

Clearly, complex trauma has an enormous impact on how a child can function, and these changes, if not corrected, continue to afflict them well into adulthood (Danese & Widom, 2020) (Wamser‐Nanney, & Vandenberg, 2013).

Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health diagnosis that is so new it does not yet appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the bible of diagnoses published by the American Psychiatric Association.

CPTSD is a diagnosis that captures more symptoms than is available with a formal diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. Some of the symptoms of CPTSD include:

• Losing memories of trauma or reliving them
• Difficulty regulating emotions that often manifest as rage
• Depression
• Suicidal thoughts or actions
• Sudden mood swings
• Feeling detached from oneself
• Feeling different from others
• Feeling ashamed
• Feeling guilty
• Difficulty maintaining relationships
• Difficulty trusting others
• Seeking our or becoming a rescuer
• Feeling afraid for no apparent reason
• Having a feeling of always on the alert
• Becoming obsessed with revenge on the perpetrator
• Feeling a loss of spiritual attachment and either ignoring or depending upon religion for self-worth

As with complex trauma, CPTSD is caused by experiencing traumatic events in childhood such as violence, abuse, and neglect but not all people who experience complex trauma develop CPTSD.

CPTSD leaves adults who once lived in an alcoholic or other dysfunctional home reeling in a fog of emotional turmoil that, if left untreated, will lead to a lifetime of suffering.

How Complex Post-Traumatic Disorder Changes Lives

Complex trauma can lead to the formation of CPTSD; we know this to be true. The effects it has on abused children once they become adults is devastating. Below are only a few of the changes and problems adults face who have survived living in a dysfunctional or alcoholic home.

Great difficulty with relationships. Survivors of alcoholic or other dysfunctional homes find it difficult to make and keep casual or intimate relationships with others. Also, survivors do not know how to form relationships and instead will isolate out of fear and mistrust of others.

Problems with Regulating Emotions. Survivors find they cannot appropriately express, express, or control their emotions. A survivor of an alcoholic or other dysfunctional home cannot describe or comprehend their emotions, leaving them either terrified to show emotion or doing so in a volatile manner.

Self-Perception Difficulties. Survivors of alcoholic and other dysfunctional homes perceive themselves as unworthy of dignity and respect. Many grow up believing they are fundamentally flawed or are damaged goods. These survivors have a permeating feeling that they should not have been born and a deep sense of loneliness.

Interruption of Their System of Meaning. A person’s system of meaning involves their assessment of who they are based on their abilities, weaknesses, and feelings. Child abuse interrupts a survivor’s sense of self, leading to a struggle with a belief in justice, ethics, and morality. An interruption of a system of meaning leaves survivors with a contorted outlook on their world.

How to Prevent Complex Trauma and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from Forming

We know what complex trauma is and what causes complex post-traumatic stress disorder, so you would think that ending these horrific disorders would be simple. However, it is much more complicated than it seems.

Society does not want to acknowledge the existence of childhood trauma, and we ignore the human rights of children for health and safety. Instead, we tend to hide our collective heads in the sand, saying to ourselves that childhood trauma only occurs in other people’s families but not our own.

Preventing childhood complex trauma is so complicated that as a society, we have not come together to talk about it because it seems easier to ignore it and believe the children involved will grow out of it.

How long will we not acknowledge the weeping of children who cry themselves to sleep every night? How long will society turn away and pretend someone else will take care of the problem?

It is up to every adult to watch over children’s welfare everywhere and call out childhood abuse and neglect wherever we see it.

“The damage and invisible scars of emotional abuse are very difficult to heal because memories are imprinted on our minds and hearts, and it takes time to be restored. Imprints of past traumas do not mean a person cannot change their future beliefs and behaviors. As people, we do not easily forget. However, as we heal, grieve, and let go, we become clear-minded and focused to live restore and emotionally healthy.” ~ Dee Brown

References

Danese, A., & McCrory, E. (2015). Child maltreatment. Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry, 364-375.

Danese, A., & Widom, C. S. (2020). Objective and subjective experiences of child maltreatment and their relationships with psychopathology. Nature human behaviour, 4(8), 811-818.

Krammer, S., Kleim, B., Simmen-Janevska, K., & Maercker, A. (2016). Childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in older adults: A study of direct effects and social-interpersonal factors as potential mediators. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(5), 593-607.

Wamser‐Nanney, R., & Vandenberg, B. R. (2013). Empirical support for the definition of a complex trauma event in children and adolescents. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(6), 671-678.

CPTSD Foundation Awareness Wristbands

Official CPTSD Foundation wristbands to show the world you support awareness, research, and healing from complex trauma.

The official CPTSD Foundation wristbands were designed by our Executive Director, Athena Moberg, with the idea that promoting healing and awareness benefits all survivors. We hope you’ll consider purchasing one for yourself and perhaps one for a family member, friend, or other safe people who could help raise awareness for complex trauma research and healing.

Each purchase of $12 helps fund our scholarship program, which provides access to our programs and resources to survivors in need.

https://cptsdfoundation.org/cptsd-awareness-wristband/

Do you like to color, paint, sew, arts & crafts? How about drawing, model building, or maybe cross stitch? Whatever creative activity you prefer, come to join us in the Weekly Creative Group. Learn more at https://cptsdfoundation.org/weeklycreativegroup

As always, if you or a loved one live in the despair and isolation that comes with complex post-traumatic stress disorder, please, come to us for help. CPTSD Foundation offers a wide range of services, including:

• Daily Calls
• The Healing Book Club
• Support Groups
• Our Blog
• The Trauma-Informed Newsletter
• Daily Encouragement Texts

All our services are reasonably priced, and some are even free. So, to gain more insight into how complex post-traumatic stress disorder is altering your life and how you can overcome it, sign-up; we will be glad to help you.  If you cannot afford to pay, go to www.cptsdfoundation.org/scholarship to apply for aid. We only wish to serve you.

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Shirley Davis

My name is Shirley Davis and I am a freelance writer with over 40-years- experience writing short stories and poetry. Living as I do among the corn and bean fields of Illinois (USA), working from home using the Internet has become the best way to communicate with the world. My interests are wide and varied. I love any kind of science and read several research papers per week to satisfy my curiosity. I have earned an Associate Degree in Psychology and enjoy writing books on the subjects that most interest me.